Sample Torts Battery Essay Question - How to Choose the Best Law School

<h1>Sample Torts Battery Essay Question - How to Choose the Best Law School</h1><p>A test torts battery article question will assist you with choosing if the graduate school you're applying to is directly for you. Most graduate schools will offer in any event a couple of seminars regarding the matter, however it's imperative to pick a profoundly positioned school that coordinates your requirements. In light of this, here are a few hints to assist you with getting started.</p><p></p><p>Ask past understudies who selected your classes. They will have the option to give you data about which ones gave great, and which didn't. See whether they can give you a couple recommendations.</p><p></p><p>Make sure that you comprehend what courses are offered at every graduate school. You would prefer not to realize a law class from another school, if the course is comparable by any stretch of the imagination. Know the particular cours e necessities, just as any proceeding with instruction requirements.</p><p></p><p>After you've discovered the best graduate school for you, look at their site to discover what they offer. Peruse the schedule, and find out about the educators, their achievements, and their examination and instructing experience. Cautiously consider how much time you have accessible to take the course, and how your own life will affect your capacity to concentrate.</p><p></p><p>There are additionally a couple of things you can do to assist you with abstaining from cheating, while as yet finishing the course work. One is to survey the tests ahead of time, so you comprehend what questions are coming up. Another is to look for a guide from the course with the goal that you can pose inquiries or look at their course material.</p><p></p><p>Don't overlook that you have to finish the course before attempting to pass it. That implies that you have to contemplate, focus, and ensure that you comprehend what you're perusing. So as to get a passing mark, you have to put forth sure that you set forth an attempt, which is something that you can't fake.</p><p></p><p>With all the decisions accessible, there is a decent possibility that you won't be content with your decisions for your first year. Be that as it may, the courses are completely related, so it shouldn't be too hard to even think about choosing a decent second year. Take as much time as necessary, and discover a course that will meet your requirements, and make you happy.</p><p></p><p>Find the best course for you, and ensure that you truly appreciate it. At the point when you pick a graduate school, ensure that you have a practical appraisal of what you'll be doing. This will make picking the correct program simpler for you.</p>

University of California Essay Samples

<h1>University of California Essay Samples</h1><p>University of California offers some magnificent article tests that can be utilized in your coursework. Despite the fact that it is frequently hard to comprehend what every one of these characters and pictures mean, however you will make certain to learn. It is likewise a smart thought to take a gander at these examples before you start a specific project.</p><p></p><p>When scanning for data on the web, you may run over articles from an online college. All the sites give fascinating data about explicit subjects. You will get subtleties on the prospectus, subjects, collection of content, course depiction, prerequisites, fundamental and advantageous reading material and different choices accessible to the students.</p><p></p><p>One thing you will see when searching for articles at college is that the subjects shift. This makes it simpler for the understudies to compose th eir exposition regardless of whether they don't think a lot about the topic. This is most likely one of the fundamental reasons why you discover individuals composing their own exposition for look into. The points talked about inside the exposition will consistently be applicable to the subject.</p><p></p><p>If you can take a few to get back some composure of an online college, there are numerous things you have to do so as to guarantee you get the best course material. These incorporate checking data, at that point you will be solicited to present a couple from test expositions. At this stage you will be furnished with criticism on the coursework.</p><p></p><p>Coursework is a vital piece of any scholastic course. This is on the grounds that this is the thing that decides the credits that you get from the college. As should be obvious, having quality article tests toward the starting will make it simpler for you to concentrate on the c oursework. This will be advantageous for you as you will realize what is required of you.</p><p></p><p>Before going into any coursework, it is significant that you comprehend what the necessities are. You will get a lot of data in the course materials so read through everything to guarantee that you get the correct data. This won't just assistance you to get the coursework finished quicker yet will likewise help you as far as your future.</p><p></p><p>University of California furnishes you with many fascinating expositions tests for nothing. By glancing through these you will have the option to figure out which subjects you ought to decide for your coursework.</p>

How to Write an Outline For an Essay for College

The most effective method to Write an Outline For an Essay for CollegeWriting a diagram for a paper is one of the main things that an understudy learns in school composing courses. An appropriate layout ought to be a learning apparatus for understudies to use for all their composing endeavors.A story is generally told in three unique subjects and this can be rehashed over to recount to the account of what occurred in a specific timeframe. The principal subject can be on a recent development or a verifiable occasion. The subsequent subject can be a recent development, a timespan, or another theme completely.The third point can be an account of what occurred during the school year. The start of the story can be centered around only a particular year, similar to the main semester or the last semester of the school year. Or on the other hand it very well may be only a general outline of a timespan. At that point the finish of the story can be about the following school year.The learning process when composing a layout for an article for school can be an energizing one as understudies can find out about the diverse timespans and occasions and can without much of a stretch make their own story utilizing this structure. The understudies can make their own unique substance that mirrors their convictions and thoughts.Writing a layout for a paper should be possible in an assortment of ways. There are numerous different ways for the understudies to find out about various themes and occasions that may affect school life. In any case, there are numerous approaches to make an outline.For model, the creative cycle is very comparable for most understudies. Understudies compose a presentation, at that point they compose a couple of sections on what they will talk about in the remainder of the article. They at that point compose the principle body of the exposition, trailed by the end. There are no set approaches to do this yet understudies are educated about various techniques. When figuring out how to compose a blueprint for a paper for school, understudies find out about the diverse composing procedures that can be utilized to assist them with making the most ideal article. Composing a layout for an exposition for school is a learning experience for the understudies. It takes some persistence and a great deal of training for the understudies to figure out how to compose a diagram for an article for school. Once in a while, even the educators need to enable the understudies to become familiar with these strategies since they are regularly not shown them in classes or in any composing class.The learning process when composing a blueprint for an article for school is consistently fun. The understudies find out about various subjects and occasions in a wide manner and can utilize these themes as a reason for the last draft of the last article.

Essay Topics For The Sun Also Rises

Essay Topics For The Sun Also RisesWhen choosing essay topics for the sun also rises, be sure to keep in mind that your essay will be examined by an audience who wants to know what they should do about rising costs. The essence of your essay is going to be telling them exactly what you know. It is not to convince them that you are right or that you are wrong.So, when you are choosing essay topics for the sun also rises, remember to only include information you are familiar with. Obviously, when your topic is this interesting and includes some statistics, then you will have an easier time getting people to pay attention to what you have to say. Also, you may want to focus on topics that can be covered in one paragraph.One of the most common essay topics for the sun also rises is about the weather. This is a question people ask all the time and you have to be prepared to answer it. If you are unsure about whether or not you are up to writing a lengthy essay, then you could always find a professional writer online to help you. They may be able to get you up to the required length, and be able to write it down for you so you can review it at your own pace.Another way to help you prepare is to go online. You will want to see what topics are in demand at the moment. For example, a great topic for summer semester is about the greenest state in America. As you are researching the topic online, you will find that the majority of these topics are created by large corporations that have some sort of environmental responsibility.What you will find is that these corporate companies are interested in research papers that deal with environmental issues and how they affect the world. While you may think it is something they wouldn't have interest in, remember that these corporations are huge and everyone wants to make money. In other words, if your essay addresses the economy or financial concerns, then it is likely that corporations are thinking the same way about environment al concerns.It is important to note that the weather and your essay topics for the sun also rise, do not work together. You do not want to have essay topics about the weather and then say something about your financial status. Rather, you want to tell the whole story about your concern about the environment and how your essay topic is directly related to the weather.It may seem like a difficult task to do, but once you start researching, you will quickly realize that you have no choice but to learn how to choose essay topics for the sun also rises. While you may be tempted to just choose any essay topic that comes your way, keep in mind that you have to give something a chance. Whether it is working with a ghost writer, using a class resource, or even doing research in your free time, you have to give something a chance before throwing it into the pile.In summary, you want to do your homework when choosing essay topics for the sun also rises. Instead of picking a topic you are famil iar with, focus on topics that can be covered in one paragraph and make sure you do not focus on a specific issue. As a result, you should end up with a very engaging essay that gets your message across and gets people interested in your subject.

Blindness and Identity Crisis Within Invisible Man

Ellison s chapter 1 of Invisible Man depicts a sad but all too common reality for Black men in 1952 America. The unnamed main character is dehumanized and humiliated simply because he is Black, yet praised for being a good Negro. He and his classmates are first beaten down and harassed then given money as compensation for a show in which they were forced to be participants. The saddest thing is not what these white men put them through, but that these black boys, the invisible man in particular, accept their humiliation and powerlessness. They accept their place in society, a place that was given to them and not chosen for themselves. Ellison gives us an explanation for their acceptance of these roles in the passage concerning the†¦show more content†¦This imaginary, yet all too real blindfold takes away the invisible one s own identity of himself. It takes away the dignity that can come only with self-acceptance. When speaking of being blind folded, he says, I have no dignity (1921). This white society of 1952 America, by blindfolding this black boy and thousands like him, has stolen their identity and dignity without them even realizing or acknowledging it. Instead of holding his head high simply because of who he his, the invisible one can only see his self worth because of who white America says he is. He fights his own classmates and even feels superior to them (1919) solely because he is better than them in the white men s eyes. Some critics may say that the white men are blind in that they are incapable of seeing the black boys for whom/what they areÂâ€"real human beings. I disagree. I think the white men see these black boys, the invisible one in particular, as humans who share the same goals and aspirations as they do. Otherwise, why present the invisible one with a briefcase and scholarship? They simply don t want to fully acknowledge that he is capable of accomplishing the very same things that they have accomplished; to do so would mean social equality and of course they did not want that. Ellison points out that they don t even want black males to think of themselves as men as they only refer to these eighteen year old as boys (whereas males from their ownShow MoreRelated`` Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison : A Black Man s Search For Identity2068 Words   |  9 Pageseyes, our general beliefs, what we like and don’t like, etcetera. In psychology, identity is the qualities, beliefs, personal ity, looks and/or expressions that make a person or group; identity can also be defined as one’s name. Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison is a story about a black man’s search for identity in a racist, 1930s America. 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Sample of Essay About the Incarceration System

<h1>Sample of Essay About the Incarceration System</h1><p>A test of the paper about the detainment framework is an extraordinary prologue to another point for your school exposition. The presentation is the initial segment of your paper that shows your own enthusiasm for the subject. It can represent the moment of truth your article.</p><p></p><p>There are two purposes behind composing a presentation for your paper. One, it might be the main part you will compose. Two, you might be searching for help on the subject. In the event that you are understanding this, at that point you likely need to find out about what befalls detainees. In either case, this is the place your presentation shines.</p><p></p><p>Your presentation gives a kick off to you when you start perusing new data on the theme. The acquaintance permits you with read the section or passages you have just composed and observe how the sentence is organized an d the substance of the section. You would then be able to expand on this. At the point when you compose the presentation, you should utilize models from your essay.</p><p></p><p>The acquaintance is an open door with clarify your inclinations in the subject and present your article. Utilizing the models causes you when you are composing and altering your exposition. It additionally encourages you when you are looking into your exposition for homeroom use. Without a presentation, the substance would be lost.</p><p></p><p>Now the inquiry emerges what tests of paper about the detainment framework are accessible? Shockingly you will need to manage with the examples I found. I did some examination and there is no genuine asset that gives tests of papers about the detainment framework. I need to expect that these writers could offer truly important hints for others to use in their own compositions. That being stated, I have remembered tests f or this article for you to use as a guideline.</p><p></p><p>To compose a decent exposition, you should comprehend what your theme is about. To compose a decent acquaintance you have with have a thought of the sort of data you will incorporate. This will give you a superior thought of the organization you should utilize. The arrangement I prescribe is to placed your presentation in sections with brief sentences and one model sentence for every paragraph.</p><p></p><p>Another tip I got from a companion who composed a decent acquaintance about her subject is with ensure your sentences are uncluttered. This will assist with giving you an away from of the tone you should utilize when composing. Likewise attempt to make your presentation intriguing and observe what individuals like about the point. This can give you a bit of leeway when you are composing the article and altering your exposition for study hall use.</p>

4 Tips For Success With The Beyond Oil College Essay Contest

<h1>4 Tips For Success With The Beyond Oil College Essay Contest</h1><p>One of the most famous expositions in the past is The Beyond Oil College Essay Contest. We as a whole love to peruse a decent paper. In any case, composing an all around made article that can assist you with finding your fantasy employment and profession is troublesome. You should be innovative and sharp witted to make your paper hang out in this serious business world.</p><p></p><p>Even however it's one of the more acclaimed expositions to win, most of school article challenges are tricks. Try not to let the opposition and prerequisites shield you from seeking after your fantasies. There are different approaches to stand apart from the group. Here are four different ways to make your paper stand out.</p><p></p><p>Go with one theme - It's not as though you need to compose a similar point each year. Regardless of how incredible your exposition is, y ou will just get two or three letters from businesses and will never get a meeting on the off chance that you compose the equivalent precise point each year. So why not compose your paper around a point that isn't unreasonably famous yet? That is the way to getting saw by the editors.</p><p></p><p>Make sure your meeting is noteworthy - The purpose of a meeting is to get an impression of you and that impression is what you will need to stand apart of in case you're going to land the meeting. It would be better if your meeting isn't only uneven. Continuously pose inquiries that are identified with the paper that you are composing. This shows you set aside the effort to consider what you composed. What's more, you should get a duplicate of the paper and think about the perspectives that you believe are critical to raise. Along these lines, you are unmistakably bound to nail your interview.</p><p></p><p>Self-advancement isn't an approach t o stick out - Now, self-advancement is certifiably not a terrible thing. Nonetheless, a few understudies feel that their papers just become fruitful once they've been distributed in some distribution. While this happens, it doesn't naturally mean you'll land the position. Self-advancement has its place yet don't make it your fundamental objective. A definitive objective ought to be to get your articles seen by more than one individual. At that point, just when you've arrived at a point where you realize that you're not the only one any longer, will you realize that you have made it!</p><p></p><p>Write very much created articles - Writing an exposition is a long procedure. A great deal of work should be placed into it. On the off chance that you fall behind, you can't anticipate that your work should be whatever will be recollected. What would it be advisable for you to do in the event that you are continually getting behind schedule for work or need to race t o complete your paper? You need to ensure that you adhere to your arrangement of composing reliably and continually, so your papers will come out with no delays.</p><p></p><p>Regardless of whether you decide to participate in an article challenge or not, remember that composing an elegantly composed exposition is significant. In the event that you aren't positive about your capacities to make a strong article, you should look for proficient assistance from a decent composing mentor. With their assistance, you can get your exposition to the highest point of the heap and afterward, begin taking a gander at circumstances that are considerably greater than the previously mentioned contests.</p>

The Nuiances of Problem Solution Essay Topics for Elementary

<h1> The Nuiances of Problem Solution Essay Topics for Elementary</h1> <p>Talk about the moves the administration can make to manage the issues of joblessness among youthful people. For your association to raise and succeed, you must have the option to participate in imaginative and ground-breaking critical thinking. More associations are created to forestall suicides rather than the reverse way around. A few associations are accessible today to stop suicides. </p> <h2> The Do's and Don'ts of Problem Solution Essay Topics for Elementary</h2> <p>Once you have talked about the absolute first segment of the exposition, which is in actuality the issue, proceed onward to its second part arrangement. The meaning of an issue arrangement exposition determines that it should contain recognizable proof of a particular issue with a comparing arrangement or plan of the best approach to manage the introduced issue. It is an issue that should be illuminate d and the arrangement is the means by which the issue is tackled. State issue and clarify why an answer ought to be made sense of. </p> <p>To comprehend the centrality of a test is habitually the absolute initial move towards its answer. The immortal instance of a relationship critical thinking is the issue of how to crush a destructive tumor with radiation that in like manner devastates solid cells. Record why it is a critical issue that merits consideration. All of you did such an astounding activity deciding the issues in the review. </p> <h2> The Hidden Secret of Problem Solution Essay Topics for Elementary </h2> <p>Before composing your proposition you ought to do the following things. Whenever you get the errand depiction for your composing task, it's the very pinnacle of significant worth to have a deep understanding of the kind of article. On the off chance that you own a point gave as of now, click the request presently catch to document your solicitation. On the off chance that you might want to gain high fantastic research and theory papers promptly and at a reasonable cost, y ou ought to presumably evaluate utilizing EssaySupply.com. </p> <p>Otherwise, at that point the absolute first point to know is that you should start by survey a scope of themes before picking one that is appropriate. It's exceptionally evident that inclusion of the theme is subject to the amount of pages you have to compose. Choosing Problems Deciding on what issue or issue you wish to examine might be dependent upon the type of crowd you will address. In any case, attempt to select a quite certain subject question and hold fast to it in your paper. </p> <h2>What Everybody Dislikes About Problem Solution Essay Topics for Elementary and Why </h2> <p>During the length of your scholastic profession, regardless of whether at school or college, you'll more likely than not need to compose a minumum of one issue arrangement exposition. A difficult arrangement paper is by all accounts something which not just understudies may get doled out. A few understudies use the absolute first thought that shows up in their mind and wo rk on it, yet the result isn't fruitful. Secondary school understudies like to gripe. </p> <p>Family misuse is only one of the consuming issues of these days. Clarify its belongings and the explanation it's a difficult that ought to be settled. Besides, it's likewise prescribed to choose a subject with pragmatic or feasible arrangements. Recommend the arrangements the administration can endorse to ensure the reduction in significant expense of living. </p> <h2> Problem Solution Essay Topics for Elementary - the Conspiracy </h2> <p>It's practically identical to different sorts of articles in a test to pick an adequate point. In this manner, it's a subject of pivotal significance to choose the most significant points to your difficult arrangement papers. The hardest undertaking is to find an extraordinary subject for your paper. </p> <p>To locate the best grade, you need to be sure you understand the question and sort out your article effectively. Be aware of the size it must be and begin composing the account exposition plot. A great article can deliver a distinction in the event that you select a subject that is important for you. An issue arrangement paper is a sort of contention. </p> <p>To start with, it's imperative to maintain the picked subject all through the exposition. Subsequently, you've been furnished with the most straightforward theme for issue arrangement articles, you can settle on any on of the previously mentioned and start composing your paper rapidly. On the off chance that you have a few worries about an issue, and you might want to find answers for it, composing an article on such subject may be a decent method to do it. Composing an issue and arrangement paper isn't simple all the more so when you aren't given the theme. </p> <p>Recovery won't occur on the off chance that you don't concede that you need support, and that you own an issue. You simply need several issues as recollect you don't have a great deal of time and you should explain the issues. After you're prepared with the issue on your hands, you should thoroughly consider the perfect arrangement. </p>

How to Write About Civil Litigation Essay Topics

<h1>How to Write About Civil Litigation Essay Topics</h1><p>Many individuals would be keen on getting ready common suit law exposition points that can get them merited compensations in the business world. Lawful composing is not quite the same as other sort of composing, and from multiple points of view, it can contrast significantly more. Having considered and created law in the scholarly and non-scholastic fields, understudies in graduate schools are especially prepared to utilize such chances and increase this kind of mastery. Coming up next are a portion of the basic subjects that individuals who have gotten through the law knowledge review and occupied with the act of law can decide to compose about.</p><p></p><p>One of the common prosecution law paper points that individuals can concentrate on is about what to do when a specific circumstance happens. An attorney can express that the individual in question has never observed anything lik e this, or that the occasion happened years prior, or that it happened under the steady gaze of the time the law was modified in the applicable zone. A few legal counselors can likewise express that this specific occasion can have various ramifications on the activities of the business world.</p><p></p><p>Other common case law exposition themes incorporate inquiries concerning when to make a move, regardless of whether to roll out any improvements to existing standards, and how to appropriately deal with the present circumstance. For instance, is there any point in managing a planned customer if the customer has just purchased his protection and he has not consented to his arrangement yet? Different points that can be investigated remember law for outside nations, individual injury cases, and property disputes.</p><p></p><p>Experts can likewise expound on some oral contention, and how the legal counselor will attempt to introduce all t he significant realities. These oral contentions will at that point be introduced to the court for additional thought and translation. Authoritative records may likewise be examined, including how to set up a guard technique, and what strategies to trail the meeting is over.</p><p></p><p>A lawful article about criminal law can likewise be remembered for these common prosecution law exposition subjects. Law understudies are educated to discuss the advantages and detriments of every individual criminal offense and the lawful issues encompassing it. A criminal law subject can likewise concentrate on issues including the conduct of specific people, the lawful outcomes of their activities, and issues relating to their treatment and sentencing.</p><p></p><p>This can be like an exposition or postulation theme that is a piece of graduate school, albeit numerous essayists will put an alternate turn on the point, to give it a totally extraordina ry significance and introduction. A case of this can be composing an article on a contextual investigation that talks about the connection between exchanging arrangement and piece of the overall industry. Such an article can be about the effect of the securities exchange on an individual organization's offer cost, or how a dealer should manage the piece of the pie misfortune in a speculation strategy.</p><p></p><p>One of the most well known subjects for essayists to take a shot at is clinical misbehavior, which is characterized as a lawful case including clinical treatment to harm a patient. A potential offended party may contend that the person in question endured physical as well as mental harm from the carelessness of a specialist, or that the person could have been spared by progressively talented medicinal services experts. A portion of the lawful issues encompassing misbehavior can likewise incorporate issues of carelessness, and whether a settlement ca n be offered after the tortfeasor has been seen as obligated for the harms suffered.</p>

The Best Example of a Research Paper Introduction

<h1>The Best Example of a Research Paper Introduction</h1><p>An case of research paper presentation is a significant advance in planning for the doctoral level college confirmations test (GRE) or the placement test for admission to graduate school. The GRE is given to show understudies how well they will do when arranged with information on the points that are relied upon to be concentrated in the program.</p><p></p><p>A genuine model is the main passage of the archive, which starts with a conversation of the candidate's advantages. It ought to be brief and to the point. It ought to incorporate what the candidate is planning to accomplish with the degree and what they want to pick up from it.</p><p></p><p>The next section ought to talk about how the candidate considers themselves to be an alumni understudy or as an understudy who has accomplished their degree. It ought to be founded on the competitor's qualities and sh ortcomings. It ought to be innovative and intelligent. It ought not be ponderous or accusatory.</p><p></p><p>Finally, a passage that offers a few instances of what the understudy can hope to pick up as an alumni understudy ought to incorporate models that are pertinent to the subject of the application. This passage can come legitimately from the candidate's own understanding, or it can emerge out of the school's site. It should give instances of past tasks that the understudy has taken a shot at or that the competitor accepts they can work on.</p><p></p><p>Next, a part area will start with a conversation of the up-and-comer's scholastic history. It ought to be as a diagram of the candidate's vocation and instructive achievements, including grade point midpoints (GPA) and the organization attended.</p><p></p><p>One of the most significant data about the applicant should come in the last passage. It should offer some counsel about how to plan for the Graduate Record Exam (GRE).</p><p></p><p>That guidance ought to be trailed by a passage that offers some fundamental data about GRE readiness. In the last passage, it should offer a few hints for GRE readiness and different recommendations for graduate school.</p><p></p><p>A genuine case of research paper presentation is one that acquaints the understudy with the most significant pieces of the understudy's vocation. It presents the significant qualities and shortcomings of the understudy and blueprints a few instances of understudies who have utilized those qualities or shortcomings in their investigation of the subject.</p>

The Mystery of Popular Essay Topics for College Nobody Is Talking About

<h1> The Mystery of Popular Essay Topics for College Nobody Is Talking About </h1> <h2> Whatever They Told You About Popular Essay Topics for College Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why </h2> <p>Colleges are increasingly disposed to concede understudies who can express certain clarifications for why the school is an incredible fit about them past its notoriety or positioning on any rundown. Fine, however you should be prepared to compose whatever you really want to compose from a school that probably won't be your first choice. Understudies are acquainted with the straightforward truth which their educators give them with the task's point. Indeed, here you'll find different things for every single understudy. </p> <p>No paper composed for one more customer is utilized for an alternate client. Interpretive article is a kind of paper that is very basic for all degrees of training. Assuming, be that as it may, there's an excess of appropriate data, y ou won't be in a situation to cover it without surpassing as far as possible. With the guide of our tips for composing and our intriguing assortment of subjects, you're ensured to have a high evaluation! </p> <p>Essay composing can be exceedingly testing completely all alone. Your papers should be one of a kind. Moral contentious exposition themes are a couple of the least difficult to become really excited with. Ongoing factious article subjects that are identified with society is going to do.</p> <p>So you don't really need to find a theme! The theme must be fascinating, the point must be basic lastly the subject must be enlightening. It ought to be proper for your paper type. Frequently, the perfect subject is one which you genuinely care about, however you likewise should get solid and steady to inquire about it.</p> <h2> Up in Arms About Popular Essay Topics for College?</h2> <p>Nobody truly wishes to make an exposition. The games article is unsurprising and should be maintained a strategic distance from, assuming there is any chance of this happening. Pugnacious articles are a couple of as well as can be expected compose as an understudy. A pugnacious paper is a particular sort of scholarly composition. </p> <p>While you're simply starting to form papers, you shouldn't battle endeavoring to consider something to talk about. At the point when it has to do with composing a contentious exposition, the most basic point to do is to choose a subject and a contention that you could truly get behind. The perfect thing is to pick a subject that will give you a chance to introduce new thoughts or a new viewpoint on an issue. At the point when you're picking your theme, recall that it's a lot less complex to expound on something which you by and by have intrigue ineven in the event that you don't have the foggiest idea about a decent arrangement about it. </p> <p>Topics for a contentious paper is a touchy issue which is sure to produce a lot of feeling on each side. Brain science can give an abundance of intriguing issues to talk about. Research papers are attempting, however furthermore they have the ability to be to some degree fulfilling. </p> <p>It's conceivable to likewise talk about close to home objectives you have for yourself. In this way, you can ask all the basic inquiries and counsel on certain focuses. You may likewise rehash the thoughts you have talked about in the body passages so as to come to your meaningful conclusion substantial. It's critical to choose begging to be proven wrong pugnacious exposition subjects since you need contradicting focuses you could counter to your own focuses. </p> <p>Colleges need to get a sentiment of development and introspectionpinpoint the change and show your private development. You could likewise get help from an expert who knows exactly what the grant board of trustees is scanning for. Our exper ts are among the absolute best in the business, and they can assist you with forming the ideal exposition that surpasses the entirety of your scholastic desires. </p> <p>Facts, at last, will consistently win out against how people are feeling at a particular second. Schools are not scanning for impeccable people. Innovation is ever-present in our everyday lives. </p> <p>The just thing we prescribe to do before you start taking a shot at your informative article is to make an appropriate diagram. Try not to disregard to bring a solid snare toward the start (presentation passage) and end up with an amazing end to make the peruser need to go over the intriguing influential article subjects of your pick. Another smart thought is to get some thoroughly free exposition instances of various sorts and on different subjects to locate a general thought of the manner by which a flourishing begging to be proven wrong paper looks. In this manner, for example, you can't se ttle on a subject as the absolute best book I have ever perused. </p> <p>Expository exposition is a kind of task that requests show of your examination and thinking aptitudes on a particular point. Contribute your considerations and individuals are sure to peruse! Each style contrasts in two different ways. </p> <h2> Popular Essay Topics for College - Overview</h2> <p>You can repeat your contention, which is a significant normal practice among writers. Select a law and clarify why it's so critical to you. In the event that you must create your entire exposition in 1 day, do your absolute best to give yourself breaks so you don't wear out. There are a few stages that you should take in order to compose an extraordinary exposition. </p> <h2>The Popular Essay Topics for College Chronicles </h2> <p>Inspiration to make your own promoting or media contentious article points isn't precarious to find. One specific significant and s uitable subject is innovation. Else, you should take a gander at some of the simple thoroughly analyze article themes on the numerous logical developments. Contentious exposition subjects are so significant since they are debatableand it's fundamental to consistently be basically thinking about our general surroundings. </p>

Why Dyson School Essay Sample Is So Popular With Students

Why Dyson School Essay Sample Is So Popular With StudentsIf you have a question regarding why Dyson school essay samples are so popular with students, then you will want to read this article. You'll learn about some of the reasons why Dyson school essay samples are so popular with students. Additionally, you'll discover how you can save money and still have a quality essay.Why Dyson school essay samples are so popular with students is that these types of essays can be completed in under an hour. This is possible because there are no rigid styles or procedures that need to be followed. As a result, the essay that a student submits to his or her teacher will be judged on a number of different factors. These include grammar, vocabulary, punctuation, spelling, and even tone.Another reason why Dyson school essay samples are so popular with students is that they provide a wide range of formats and topics. This is important because students will not always be able to get their school approv ed essay into the format that they want. For example, if a student needs to submit a term paper for their chemistry class, he or she will not necessarily be able to complete it in the class time allotted. The solution to this problem is to have a sample essay submitted by the school.In addition to allowing students to use a wide variety of formats and topics, Dyson essay samples also give students plenty of time to write their own essay. This means that a student who is a little bit busy can finish a lengthy paper using a Dyson essay. Furthermore, if a student is having trouble getting a topic or format that they want to use, he or she can simply purchase an essay template. This allows them to make several revisions and still use the same essay.A third reason why a Dyson school essay sample is so popular with students is that they can help students to save money. When a student wants to write an essay, they usually need a particular grade or course work. This means that they will ne ed to buy a notebook or prepare multiple assignments. However, when a student uses a school essay sample, they do not need to buy anything.Therefore, a student who wants to take an essay lesson with only an hour of work can do so. Additionally, when students can use the Dyson curriculum, they can save money on books and other supplies. Some students find that a Dyson school essay lesson is a perfect way to prepare for college level courses.Lastly, students will find that purchasing an essay lesson with Dyson is not complicated. In fact, they can get the same quality of product that they would get from any other company. They also don't have to worry about having to wait for a certain deadline. Instead, they can purchase a guide that contains a guide to writing different topics.In conclusion, you can see that there are many good reasons why Dyson school essay samples are so popular with students. Students get high grades, they save money, and they are easy to use. This means that Dys on essay lessons are a great resource for teachers and students alike.

Summary Fall 2015 - 957 Words

Joel Rivas BSC 1085 Fall 2015 Report 5 Matt and Maria have spent a significant amount of time together and they have started became a sexual couple. Maria and Matt are both over the age of 21 years old; therefore, they agreed to become a consenting couple. Maria started utilizing the rhythm method as her preferred method which is birth control. Several weeks ago she did not get her period on the dates she anticipated by her rhythm method of birth control. The following week Maria’s period did not occur when expected and now making her miss two consecutives menstrual periods. Now they anticipate that she might be pregnant, Maria immediately obtained a pregnant test from the local pharmacy and then confirmed that she is indeed pregnant. Although she is excited about the prospects of having a child, she reflects on her life style during the past several months and recalls with some concerns, such as her and Matt have been partying on the regular and extensively: therefore, consuming significant amount of alcohol on se veral occasions. First, by using the rhythm method of birth control comes with a price. Birth control comes with its pro’s and con’s. Some examples for the Pro’s: it is a natural source; it shows that most couples enjoy the rhythm method of birth control because it does not require taking other synthetic hormones or inserting medical devices for pregnancy prevention. Also, it is an equal participation system; most couples see that using the rhythm method ofShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Fall Of 2015 862 Words   |  4 PagesIt All Started In The Fall Of 2015 I Was Thirteen Years Old Living In Roseville. Earlier That Day I Had Asked My Step Mom Lisa If I Could Go To My Best Friend Nicole s House To Go Do Homework And That Afterwards We Were Going To The Mall With My Other Friend Kylie. She Had Said Yes So After School Her Mom Jennifer Would Pick Us Up And I Would Go To Nicole s House To Do Homework And Go To The Mall, But When I Had Asked Lisa If I Could Go To Nicole s House I Had Left Out That Afterwards We WereRead MoreSummary : Fall 2015 ( Take Home ) Mid Term Examinations 1231 Words   |  5 PagesBrianne Moore October 26, 2015 10085952 Fall 2015 (TAKE-HOME) MID-TERM EXAMINATION COMM 381 Section 003 Question 1 Cause of Action The defendant, Kingston High School, is negligent under the Ontario Occupants Liability Act against the plaintiff, Mary. The defendant failed to uphold a duty of care against the plaintiff, which resulted in general and special damages. The plaintiff is owed compensation for medical care and treatment expenses, the economic loss fromRead MoreImproving Quality And Safety For Patient Safety1494 Words   |  6 Pagespatient outcomes and a successful hospital stay. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the importance of data evaluation and interpretation to improve patient quality and safety. Data Overview A data dashboard was provided. It outlined patient’s falls on a telemetry unit over a period of four months. The data was distributed by day of the week and time of the day. Background information included the average age of the patient is 72.4 years old, each having a cardiac diagnosis. The majority ofRead MoreNational Healthcare Quality And Disparities Report 20141013 Words   |  5 Pagesvirtually every demographic is at risk of not receiving needed care, there are definitely certain populations that are at higher risk of falling victim to these disparities (National healthcare quality and disparities report 2014, 2015). A majority of Maine’s population falls into one of these riskier demographics, which is and will continue to affect the health and quality of life for Mainers if not addressed. When examining healthcare disparities, a few demographics that can experience a disproportionalRead MoreResearch Summary And Ethical Considerations Of A Hospital Adults Patients Essay1098 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Summary and Ethical Considerations of â€Å"Factors Associated with Falls in Hospital Adults Patients† Introduction Falling is a crucial issue among the hospitals. Even the hospitals make all the efforts to prevent falls, falls still occur frequently and some repeatedly. According to Currie (2008), approximately 700000 to 1000000 individuals fall in the united states hospitals each year. A fall in a health care organization is considered a never-event by MedicareRead MoreThe Affordable Health Care Act1403 Words   |  6 Pagesincome bracket) via healthcare market places; or healthcare exchanges (â€Å"Obama Care Summary†). Also, this because of this law, 44 million people who do not have coverage are projected to be covered (â€Å"Obama Care Summary†). Because of this new law, health care providers will be able to implement improved care for seniors, women’s health examinations and expanded exposure coverage for the underprivileged (â€Å"Obama Care Summary†). The Affordable Care Act ensures that people will to not be denied coverage byRead MoreBidging The Gap Between Scholarship And Practice1200 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle. These points provide article summaries and practical feedback and applications of their findings. As the editorial for volume 76 states, this is a new feature of the journal, introduced for its 75th anniversary (Perry, 2015). The articles in this issue generally exhibited empirical studies. The topic area of the articles in this issue focused on the renewed goal of bridging the gap between scholarship and practice. Newman, Cherney, and Head (2015) used a mixed method approach to betterRead MoreAnalysis Of The Legislative Joint Auditing Committee Audited1173 Words   |  5 PagesSummary of District Audit In 2015, the Legislative Joint Auditing Committee audited Hector School District. In the Summary of Auditor’s Results and Financial Statement Findings, the auditors did indicate a material weakness in internal control. 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On the other hand, Patel and Sarkar (19 98) define a stock market crash as a fall of more than 35 percentRead MoreLab Report On Chromatography And Lab1206 Words   |  5 PagesTLC of Spinach Group Experiment 3 – Individual Lab Report (Save as pdf and submit, due by 12:00 NOON one week after experiment) Last Name: Wang First Name: Zoey Lab Partner(s): Sue Wang TA Name: Sosthene Date Lab Performed: Nov. 12, 2015 Date Lab Submitted: Nov. 12, 2015 Group A, B, or C: B Comments for Grading TA: (Please indicate if you performed the lab on a day other than your regularly scheduled day and/or with a TA other than your regular TA). Page Limit: report must not exceed FIVE pages (including

The Need For English Argumentative Essay Topics

<h1>The Need For English Argumentative Essay Topics</h1><p>There are a great deal of reasons that you ought to have some English pugnacious article subjects for your scholastic composing course. Regardless of whether you are only another undergrad, you ought to be set up for the degree of planning required for a genuine composing profession. The data underneath will assist you with beginning with your English exposition writing.</p><p></p><p>Academic composing has been and will consistently be an exceptionally serious and requesting field. That is the reason the opposition is high. Most educators and other perusing teachers will anticipate a specific degree of scholarly meticulousness and uprightness in their understudies. So as to get into a college or school, you have to finish a thorough article composing test. In the event that you don't go, it is extremely unlikely you can proceed your studies.</p><p></p><p>Many u nderstudies don't understand this until they have just tried out a real composing course. They may be overpowered and make some hard memories thinking about a theme to expound on. Simultaneously, numerous individuals neglect to understand that they truly need to have an English contentious paper subject on hand.</p><p></p><p>When composing an article for class, it is imperative to know somewhat about English syntax and style. To this end, you ought to likewise get a couple of English contentious article points to use as reference. Perusing these essential papers will assist you with being progressively learned about the idea of composing and improve your capacity to compose well.</p><p></p><p>Most undergrads don't have a clue where to start with regards to scholarly composition. Before they start composing a paper, they regularly linger and get stalled in inquire about and different issues. In the event that you have an English factiou s exposition subject close by, you will have the option to glance back at it to remind yourself where you have to go next.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous acceptable assets accessible to you for the English contentious paper points you need. On the off chance that you don't have the foggiest idea where to discover them, you can discover a ton of thoughts by doing a fast web search. On the off chance that you know somebody who does an escalated English composing course, they can likewise offer you a ton of good guidance on the most proficient method to move toward paper composing for their class.</p><p></p><p>Finally, you can likewise utilize books and different materials that are promptly accessible as a decent hotspot for your expositions. Numerous works of art will assist you with finding out about legitimate configuration and give a prologue to the sorts of material you will concentrate in class. You will likewise need to do some ex amination to perceive what sorts of books have been best by different understudies who are taking precisely the same scholastic composing course you are.</p><p></p><p>To summarize, the most ideal approach to begin with English factious exposition subjects is to have some prepared to use close by. With only a little arrangement, you will be well en route to an effective scholastic composing career.</p>

Several Interesting Nealla Larsen Passing Essay Topics

<h1>Several Interesting Nealla Larsen Passing Essay Topics</h1><p>If you're attempting to consider distinctive Nealla Larsen Passing reflection exposition subjects, you may be thinking about what they could be. It's never too soon to begin pondering it on the grounds that after you wrap up your paper, the adjudicators will understand it and you'll have to ensure that your exposition is flawless.</p><p></p><p>One of the most well known Nealla Larsen Passing article points will have a syndicated program or radio show. For this one, you can work with a portion of the littler radio broadcasts in your general vicinity and discussion about your experience broadcasting live. You could be a vocalist, performer, or the entertainment biz individual who's a customary on TV. You could be an entertainer or sports star, or a stand up comedian.</p><p></p><p>Nealla Larsen is a famous artist who's been doing this for quite a long time, and she's gotten known for her political addresses, her inclusion in fights, and her discourses against atomic weapons. You could view a portion of her shows to get a thought of how she may get a kick out of the chance to discuss being in the news and in a controversy.</p><p></p><p>Another conceivable subject for a Nealla Larsen Passing paper theme would act in a wonderful music video. You could likewise work with a short film that has been done in which you have an impact. In the film, you could attempt to exhibit how you may experience had your own difficulties, however you endured. Likewise, attempt to consider the debate about this tune and film, which, clearly, has been changed after it was made.</p><p></p><p>There are a lot of individual encounters to consider, and you may need to expound on how these have influenced you. You may expound on how a friend or family member had passed on, and you were unable to adapt to it as you ha d anticipated. You may likewise discuss an upsetting occasion that transpired, when you out of nowhere found that you'd been put responsible for a gathering of understudies who'd discovered that they'd all be compelled to learn Spanish before the year's end. This one might be somewhat more entangled, however it will make you consider how you oversaw it, and furthermore how you've come to find out such a great amount about the Spanish language.</p><p></p><p>Speaking of the Spanish language, another Nealla Larsen Passing exposition theme would be about a Spanish talking companion. What makes this subject not quite the same as numerous others is that you'll have to compose an anecdotal story, and you won't have the option to utilize any real data about your companion. You should compose a story dependent on what you think about your companion, and you'll need to demonstrate that you have a stunning memory and a decent comprehension of the Spanish language. Also, to make things much increasingly fun, the best Nealla Larsen Passing exposition points will have you reproduce the scenes that you'd got a kick out of the chance to see from the original!</p><p></p><p>These are only a couple of the Nealla Larsen Passing article subjects that you can browse. There are various different subjects, however you should investigate the ones recorded above, as they're very assorted and have such a large number of possibilities.</p>

Writing PMD (Pilots Mild Discretion Deed) - Other Methods of Writing Custom Rules

Writing PMD (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed) - Other Methods of Writing Custom RulesPMD (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed) writing is a requirement for many companies and has often been referred to as 'advise and consent' rule-writing. In this article we will look at PMD in more detail, including several methods that are being used to write custom rules. To be clear, there is no hard and fast rule as to the language a PMD written rule should use. Rather, different companies have different reasons for what exactly they wish to say, and what they may not use to justify the language they use.One of the most popular methods of writing PMD (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed) is to take a writer's block pill, or to simply convince yourself that you are drunk. If you are not comfortable using such self-deprecating language, you can instead turn to an option like Zantac, which works in the same way. Zantac is a product that contain caffeine and when taken gives users a feel-good boost. This will enable them to write in a lighter and less caustic manner. For some, this method can work, while for others it just masks the problem, but it is worth giving a try.Another method of writing PMD (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed) is to eliminate all negative statements from the writer's mind. A simple way to do this is to try to recall and rewrite negative statements as positives. This is a common psychological process, which works well for some people. However, if your PMD (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed) writing is to be used as professional advice, it must have a more robust and authoritative tone. Therefore, those with a penchant for writing direct reports, or lawyers will benefit from using a method like this.The next common method of writing PMD (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed) is to consider the current circumstances. For example, suppose you are a lawyer, and it is necessary to write an extremely critical PMD (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed) that allows a client to make a claim of negligence . What should you do? Firstly, decide whether the circumstances will justify the rule in question. Secondly, you can consider whether your client needs to be given special rights against the law, in which case you should use a PMD (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed) that states that your client is in a class or species of individuals who may be privileged against the law.Thirdly, you can take a PMD (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed) and consider what sort of payment structure should be used for the letter of the PMD (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed). You could also consider, if you wish, whether the insurance company will pay to have the plaintiff sign an indemnity in place of paying a PMD (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed). It is worth bearing in mind that you should not try to write in a PMD (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed) that involves what is known as an uplift clause, as you will probably be advised to remove the word 'is' from the PMD (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed).Fourthly, you can write a PM D (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed) that ensures that there is a settlement, if the claimant loses his or her case. Writing in a PMD (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed) about how there should be a settlement, or the status of a suit, is useful in the majority of cases, however it is worth bearing in mind that the presence of the word 'is' may be removed from the PMD (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed) to ensure that you use a persuasive language.Lastly, you can write in a PMD (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed) about how much compensation the plaintiff should receive. This option is commonly used and may even be entirely necessary, where a client has suffered a great loss, and your aim is to offer advice that has been recommended by a reliable source. This will involve coming up with a PMD (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed) that is short, without subjecting the letter to the regular rules for PMD (Pilot's Mild Discretion Deed) writing. However, this option is rare and is only used by professional adviser s who are trying to sell a product or service, and who have therefore resorted to creative methods to get their point across.

Academic Term Papers Review

Academic Term Papers ReviewAcademic term papers are one of the most important projects and papers that you will ever write. It is often said that a passing grade in term papers can help your future employability and help you get a higher grade on your next term paper as well.There are a few things that you should do when reviewing your term papers. The first thing is to take time out to re-read them and really think about why you wrote them and why you need to write them. It may be important for you to get your ideas out so that you have a document that reflects all of your academic skills and writing abilities.Studying for exams can be exhausting but writing can sometimes become a chore. This is when it is important to have a professional academic term papers review to ensure that you are getting the best quality and that it is up to your standards. When you are reviewing your papers, make sure that you use an academic term paper review that you can trust.Although there are many dif ferent types of professional paper for theses and dissertations, some of the most common include theses and dissertations. A thesis is basically a short analysis on an area of study. This can cover a variety of different topics, but usually it is a collection of facts and theories that relate to the subject being researched.Another type of academic term papers review would be the dissertation. A dissertation will go into a deeper examination of a specific topic, which could be related to a study, research or examination. There are often subjects that are examined through the dissertation, such as what has happened to society, if there are changes, and other such issues.In terms of which type of academic term papers review to use, it is important to ensure that you are using a review service that can give you the information that you need. Theses are usually required by professors to help with an essay, and dissertations can help with a college thesis, but not every topic is covered in the paper.Some students choose to write their term papers themselves, and some will enlist the services of a term paper review. Make sure that you are using a service that has the ability to analyze your papers, and take the time to ensure that they are doing their best to give you the proper reviews. Your next academic term papers can be better because of it.

Media Helping in Nation Building Free Essays

| | |Media | |[pic] | | | |’Media’ is the medium of carrying information, education and entertainment to the masses. It is an easier and efficient means of| |communication which plays a key role in the overall development of an economy. In an era where knowledge and facts are the tools| |for economic, political and cultural exchange, presence of the strong and constructive media in a country is important for | |catering to the diverse needs of individuals, society as a whole, small and large business and production houses, various | |research organizations, private sectors as well as the public sectors. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Helping in Nation Building or any similar topic only for you Order Now Media is a conscience-keeper of the nation and has many | |tasks to perform in our day-to-day lives. It helps the Government to achieve various socioeconomic and political goals; educate | |urban and rural masses; instill a sense of responsibility among the people; as well as provide justice to the needy. It largely | |consists of print media like newspapers, magazines, journals and other publications, etc. as well as electronic media like | |radio, television, internet, etc. With the changing scenario of the world, it has acquired the status of an industry. | |In India, the media and entertainment industry is undergoing remarkable change and is one of the fastest growing sectors. The | |main factors responsible for this are rising per capita/ national income; high economic growth and strong macro-economic | |fundamentals; and democratic set up, good governance as well as law and order position in the country. Specifically, spectacular| |growth of the television industry, new formats for film production and distribution, privatisation and growth of radio, | |gradually liberalising attitude of Government towards the sector, easier access to and for international companies as well as | |advent of digital communication and its technological innovations are the other attributes of the growth of the sector. The | |media industry plays an important role in creating people’s awareness about national policies and programmes by providing | |information and education, besides creating healthy business environment in the country. Thus, it helps people to be active | |partners in the nation-building endeavour. | |The  Ministry of Information and Broadcasting  is the nodal authority in India for formulation and administration of the rules, | |regulations and laws relating to media industry. It is involved in catering to the entertainment and intellectual needs of | |various age groups and focusing attention of the masses on issues of national integrity, environmental protection, health care | |and family welfare, eradication of illiteracy as well as issues relating to women, children and weaker sections of the society. | |It plays a significant part in helping the people to have access to free flow of information. It is also responsible for | |international co-operation in the field of mass media, films and broadcasting and interacts with its foreign counterparts on | |behalf of Government of India. The main functions of the Ministry are to:- | |Provide news services through All India Radio (AIR) and Doordarshan (DD) to the people | |Develop the broadcasting and television network as well as promote import and export of films   | |Educate and motivate the people for greater participative involvement in the various developmental activities and programmes of | |the Government   | |Liaise with State Governments and their organisations in the field of information and publicity   | |Organise film festivals and cultural exchanges in the country   | |Administer the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867 in respect of newspapers   | |Disseminate information about India within and outside the country through publications on matters of national importance   | |Use interpersonal communication and traditional folk art forms for information/ publicity campaigns on public interest issues | |Serve as a constant link between the Government and the Press, by acting as a clearing h ouse of official information and | |authentic data pertaining to the Union Government’s plans and programmes. | |The Ministry is divided into the following wings, namely:- | |Information Wing  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ deals with the policy matters, the print media as well as the press and publicity requirements of the | |Government. The media units in this wing re:-   | |Press Information Bureau | |Photo Division   | |Research, Reference and Training Division   | |Publications Division | |Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity | |Directorate of Field Publicity   | |Song and Drama Division   | |Registrar of Newspapers for India   | |Press Council of India   | |Indian Institute of Mass Communication   | |Broadcasting Wing  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ handles matters relating to the electronic media. It formulates policies and frames rules and regulations | |for this sector, which include public service broadcasting, operation of cable television, private television channels, | |F. M. channel, satellite radio, community radio, DTH services, etc. The organizations under this wing include:- | |Electronic Media Monitoring Centre | |The Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India) – has been set up with the mandate to organise and entertain people and | |to ensure balanced development of broadcasting on radio and television through agencies like:- (i) All India Radio, and (ii) | |Doordarshan. | |Broadcast Engineering Consultants (India) Limited (BECIL) | |Films Wing  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ handles matters relating to the film sector. Through its various units, it is involved in the production and | |distribution of documentary films required for internal and external publicity, development and promotional activities relating | |to film industries including training, promotion of good cinema, organization of film festivals, import and export regulations, | |etc. This wing has the following media units: | |Films Division | |Central Board of Film Certification   | |National Film Archive of India   | |National Film Development Corporation   | |Film and Television Institute of India   | |Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute   | |Directorate of Film Festivals   | |Children’s Film Society | |Integrated Finance Wing  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ performs important functions of maintaining and monitoring the Accounts of the Ministry, through its | |subordinate office of ‘Chief Controller of Accounts’. | |The media industry has significantly benefited from liberal investment regime in the country. Foreign direct investment (FDI) | |has been permitted in its various segments. FDI upto 100 per cent has now been allowed for print media covering non-news | |publications and FDI (with FII) upto 26 per cent has been allowed for print and electronic media covering news and current | |affairs. However, the news sector has also been opened up for FIIs, NRIs and PIOs. The FDI (including FII) in FM radio | |broadcasting sector has been allowed at 20 per cent. While, FDI and FII upto 49 per cent have been permitted for cable network; | |direct to home (DTH) – (within this limit, FDI component not to exceed 20 per cent); setting up hardware facilities such as | |up-linking, hub (teleports); etc. | |At present, there are 110 million TV households in India, out of which 70 million are cable and satellite homes and rest 40 | |million are served by the public broadcaster, that is, Doordarshan. Similarly, there are 132 million radio sets in the country. | |Further, over the years, the number of private satellite TV channels have grown very fast from 1 TV channel in 2000 to 273 TV | |channels till 31. 12. 2007. The news and current affairs TV channels constitute 58 per cent and non-news and current affairs TV | |channels constitute 42 per cent of total permitted 273 TV channels. The former channels have grown from 1 in 2000 to 158 till | |31. 12. 2007, while latter rose from 0 to 115. | |The Ministry has been making several policy announcements as well as framing guidelines in order to create conducive environment| |for healthy development of various mass media in the country. Some of these are:- | |The formulation of ‘Policy Guidelines for Downlinking of Television Channels’ which implies downlinking all satellite television| |channels downlinked / received / transmitted and re-transmitted in India for public viewing. Under it, no person/entity shall | |downlink a channel which has not been registered by the Ministry. Henceforth, all persons/ entities providing Television | |Satellite Broadcasting Services (TV Channels) uplinked from other countries to viewers in India as well as any entity desirous | |of providing such a Television Satellite Broadcasting Service (TV Channel), receivable in India for public viewership, shall be | |required to obtain permission from Ministry, in accordance with the terms and conditions prescribed. The policy guidelines | |enumerates certain eligibility criteria’s for applicant company, which are as follows:- | |The entity (applicant company) applying for permission of downlinking a channel, uplinked from abroad, must be a company | |registered in India under the Companies Act, 1956, irrespective of its equity structure, foreign ownership or management | |control; | |The applicant company must have a commercial presence in India with its principal place of business in India;. |It must either own the channel it wants to downlink for public viewing, or must enjoy, for the territory of India, exclusive | |marketing/ distribution rights for the same, inclusive of the rights to the advertising and subscription revenues for the | |channel and must submit adequate proof at the time of application; | |In case the applicant company has exclusive marketing / distribution rights, it should also have the authority to conclude | |contracts on behalf of the channel for advertisements, subscription and programme content;   | |The applicant company should have a minimum net worth as prescribed, that is, networth of  Rs. 1. 5 crore for downlinking of one | |channel and  Rs. crore for each additional channel;   | |It must provide names and details of all the Directors of the company as well as key executives such as CEO, CFO and Head of | |Marketing, etc to get their national security clearance; | |It shall furnish technical details such as nomenclature, make, model, name and address of the manufacturers of the | |equipments/instruments to be used for downlinking and distribution, the Block schematic diagram of the downlinking and | |distribution system as well as also demonstrate the facilities for monitoring and storing record for 90 days. |Similarly, the notification of ‘Guidelines for Uplinking from India’, wherein the applicant, seeking permission to set up an | |uplinking hub/ teleport or uplink a TV Channel or uplink facility by a News Ag ency, should be a company registered in India | |under the Companies Act, 1956. The company shall uplink only those TV channels which are specifically approved or permitted by | |the Ministry. For setting up of uplinking hub/ teleports in applicant company, the foreign equity holding including NRI/OCB/PIO | |should not exceed 49%. The networth requirement varies from  Rs. 1 crore to  Rs. 3 crores for channel capacity one to ten. The | |applicant company, irrespective of its ownership, equity structure or management control, would be eligible to seek permission | |for uplinking a non-News and current affairs TV channel. Networth required for single TV channel is  Rs. 1. 5 crore and  Rs. 1 | |crore for each additional channel. While, for uplinking a news and current affairs TV channel, networth required for single TV | |channel is  Rs. 3 crores and  Rs. 2 crores for each additional TV channel. | |The Ministry has issued ‘Guidelines for Obtaining License for Providing Direct-To-Home (DTH) Broadcasting Service in India’, | |wherein DTH service refers to the distribution of multi-channel TV programmes in Ku Band by using a satellite system for | |providing TV signals direct to subscribers premises, without passing through an intermediary such as cable operator. The | |eligibility criteria’s in the guidelines include:- | |Applicant Company to be an Indian Company registered under Indian Companies Act, 1956. | |Total foreign equity holding including FDI/NRI/OCB/FII in the applicant company not to exceed 49%. Within the foreign equity, | |the FDI component not to exceed 20%. | |The applicant company must have Indian Management Control with majority representatives on the board as well as the Chief | |Executive of the company being a resident Indian; etc. | |A ‘Policy on expansion of FM Radio Broadcasting Services through Private Agencies (Phase-II)’ has also been announced to expand | |FM radio network through private agencies to supplement and complement the efforts of All India Radio. This is to be done by | |operationalising radio stations that provide programmes with local content and relevance, improving the quality of fidelity in | |reception and generation, encouraging participation by local talent and generating employment. There are 21 channels already in | |operation under Phase-I. Out of 337 channels offered for bid in Phase II, Letter of Indent (LOI) has been issued to 245 | |channels, of which all channels have signed the agreements. In all, 178 private FM channels are in operation till date in India | |including the 21 channels of Phase I. | |There is also a ‘Policy for Import of Cinematograph Films and Other Films’, wherein import of cinematograph feature films and | |other films (including film on video tape, compact video disc, laser video disc or digital video disc) has been allowed without | |a licence. The importer of the film shall comply with the provisions of all applicable Indian laws governing the distribution | |and exhibition of films, including the requirement of obtaining a certificate of public exhibition prescribed under the | |Cinematograph Act 1952. Under it, import of any unauthorized/pirated films shall be prohibited. Import of foreign reprints of | |Indian films shall not be permitted without the prior permission in writing from the Ministry. | |’Draft Broadcasting Services Regulation Bill, 2007†² has been announced to promote, facilitate and develop in an orderly manner | |the carriage and content of broadcasting. For the purpose, it aims to provide for the establishment of an independent authority | |to be known as the Broadcast Regulatory Authority of India as well as encourage broadcasting services to be responsive for the | |educational, developmental, social, cultural and other needs and aspirations of people and include in their programming public | |service messaging and content; etc. | |As a result of all such incentives, the media industry in India has shown considerable growth over the years, with almost | |double-digit growth. It is projected to grow from an estimated size of  Rs. 437 billion to  Rs. 1 trillion by 2011. It provides | |ample opportunities for investors the world over, brings in more capital inflow into the country and presents significant | |avenues for both direct and indirect employment. It helps in shaping people’s views and outlooks about various national and | |international issues and thus helps in formulation of schemes, policies and programmes. It is a powerful medium for providing | |entertainment, disseminating information, nurturing and cultivating diverse opinions, educating and empowering the people of | |India to be informed citizens so as to effectively participate in the democratic process; as well as preserving, promoting and | |projecting the diversity of Indian culture and talent of the country. | Mass Communication IN a country like ours, mass communication plays a vital role in creating people’s awareness about policies and programmes of development. It helps in motivating them to be active partners in the nation-building endeavour. A skillful synthesis between traditional and folk forms of communication on the one hand and modern audio-visual media including Satellite Communication on the other, is being attempted. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting being the nodal organisation in this field has a comprehensive set-up of its mass media units with their regional and branch offices as well as mobile units. ELECTRONIC MEDIA AKASHVANI Broadcasting started in India in 1927 with two privately-owned transmitters at Bombay and Calcutta. The Government took over the transmitters in 1930 and started operating them under the name of Indian Broadcasting Service. It was changed to All India Radio (AIR) in 1936 and later it also came to e known as Akashvani from 1957. AIR is serving as an effective medium to inform and educate people besides providing healthy entertainment. NETWORK At the time of Independence there were six radio stations. All India Radio presently has 197 radio stations including 184 full-fledged stations, ten relay centres, and three exclusive Vividh Bharati commercial centres. AIR presently has 305 transmitters. These include 145 medium-wave, 55 short-wave and 105 FM transmitters and provide radio coverage to a population of 97. 3 per cent spread over 90 per cent area of the country. MUSIC Music constitutes 40 per cent of the total programmes broadcast over AIR omprising classical, light, folk, film and music in the regional languages. National Programme of Music (Hindustani and Karnatic) are the prestigious programmes broadcast on every Saturday and Sunday. These programmes are broadcast live from the four metros. Keeping in view the Centenary celebration of eminent artists of music, viz. , Pt. Onkar Nath, Musari Subramanya Iyer and Dr Doraiswami Aiyengar, special programmes have been broadcast in the National Programme of Music. Akashvani Sangeet Sammelan – an annual affair is another musical treat to serious classical music listeners and lovers. About 50 concerts of both Karnatic and Hindustani ere featured at different places and the recordings were broadcast for over a month. AIR Music competitions is another regular feature towards searching new talents amongst youngsters. The competitions are held in different categories like classical (Hindustani and Karnatic both) instrumental, light for boys and girls. During 1998, music competitions were held at different stations of AIR in which 111 candidates participated and eight won the prizes. VIVIDH BHARATI AND COMMERCIAL BROADCASTING SERVICE Commercials were introduced on All India Radio from 1 November 1967 on Vividh Bharati. Now all the Primary Channel Stations, 30 Vividh Bharati entres, all Local Radio Stations and four FM Metro channels are taking Commercials. Commercials are also allowed over National Channel, New Delhi and the North-Eastern Service, Shillong. Vividh Bharati Service provides entertainment for more than 14 hours a day from 34 centres. The revenue earned by radio during 1 998-99 was Rs 92. 26 crore. Some innovative commercial broadcasting was introduced by AIR during 1998-99. AIR took over all the slots on 4 metro FM channels with effect from 26 June 1998 which were earlier allotted to private parties. At present all the 4 metro FM channels are being run by All India Radio through in-house programmes. AIR was able to market all the available ommercial time during the broadcast of 1998 Parliamentary elections results for about 72 hours. AIR also did the marketing of World Cup Cricket, 1999 through its own in-house arrangement. Efforts are being made to undertake extensive marketing of air time on all the channels of AIR. DRAMA More than 80 stations of AIR broadcast plays in various languages. Radio adaptations of outstanding novels, short stories and stage plays are also broadcast. Besides original plays, a large number of stations regularly broadcast family drama with a view to eradicate social evils. The National Programmes of plays is broadcast on every fourth Thursday of the month n Hindi and its regional versions are broadcast by relevant stations simultaneously. Special model plays of 30 minutes duration are produced at the Central Drama Unit at Delhi, which are broadcast by 33 stations of AIR in a chain of six months. All India Competition for Radio Playwrights is being organised in 15 major languages. All the prize-winning entries are translated in Hindi and then circulated to all stations for further translation and production in various languages. NEWS SERVICES DIVISION The News Services Division (NSD) of All India Radio disseminates news and comments to listeners in India and abroad. The history of news broadcasting in India is much older than that of All India Radio. The first ews bulletin went on the air from the Bombay station on 23 July 1927 under a private company, the Indian Broadcasting Company. The News Wing of All India Radio came into existence ten years later in August 1937. From 27 bulletins in 1939-40, AI R now puts out 314 bulletins daily withMass Communication a total duration of 39 hours and 29 minutes. Out of these, 88 bulletins are broadcast in the Home Services from Delhi with a duration of 12 hours and 05 minutes, while 42 Regional News Units originate 137 news bulletins daily with a duration of 18 hours and 01 minute. In the External Services, AIR broadcasts 65 bulletins for 8 hours and 59 minutes in 24 languages (Indian and foreign). The News Services Division has been putting out news headlines bulletins on the FM Channel since 28 May 1995. These are now available round-the-clock. AIR News on phone was introduced on 25 February 1998. The service provides the latest news highlights in Hindi and English on phone on dialing the specified numbers. AIR is now available on the Internet. AIR broadcasts special bulletins such as sports news, slow-speed bulletins and youth bulletins. Two youth bulletins are broadcast from Delhi in English and Hindi. AIR, Calcutta also broadcasts two youth bulletins in Bengali. During the Haj period, a five-minute Haj bulletin is aired from Delhi daily for the benefit of the pilgrims. Comments from the Press’ are broadcast every day. In addition, NSD puts out a number of news-based programmes and commentaries in English and Hindi. During Parliament Sessions, commentaries in Hindi and English reviewing the day’s proceedings in both Houses, are broadcast. Similarly, the RNUs p ut out reviews of the proceedings of their respective State Legislatures. The bulk of AIR news comes from its own correspondents spread all over the country. It has 90 regular correspondents in India and seven abroad at Colombo, Dhaka, Dubai, Pretoria, Kathmandu, Singapore and Islamabad. Apart from this, AIR has 246 part-time correspondents based at important istrict headquarters. AIR subscribes to the news agencies – UNI, PTI and their corresponding Hindi services – Univarta and Bhasha, and ANI to supplement its news sources. Other sources of news are the monitored reports from Monitoring Units (English and Hindi) attached to the General News Room and the Central Monitoring Services, which monitor the bulletins of major broadcasting organisations of the world. EXTERNAL SERVICES DIVISION The External Services Division (ESD) broadcasts programmes for about 70 hours a day in 25 languages (16 foreign languages and nine Indian languages) for listeners in different parts of the globe. The broadcast project the Indian oint of view on World Affairs through daily commentary and Press reviews and acquaint the overseas listeners with the developments in India along with information on the myriad facets of Indian life. The target areas of ESD span almost all the continents and include areas of East, North-East and South-East Asia, West, North-West and East Africa, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Europe and the Indian sub-continent. The services in Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Gujarati are directed to Indians overseas, while those in Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi and Sindhi are meant for the listeners in the sub-continent and the bordering countries. During the year, due coverage was given to all conferences, seminars, ymposia and festivals of films and trade of National and InternationalMass Communication importance in the form of Radio reports and interviews besides, the visits of foreign dignitaries to India and of Indian dignitaries abroad. Special initiati ves were taken to give wide publicity to India’s geo-political compulsion for a nuclear and Agni-II test in view of the security environment in her immediate neighbourhood. ESD transmitters, also carry the 9 P. M. National bulletin in English, originally meant for Home Services. External Services Division continues to supply recordings of music, spoken word and other programmes to about hundred countries and foreign roadcasting organisations, under the Programme Exchange scheme. Introduction of internet broadcasting by AIR has enabled its listeners in various parts of the world like USA, Canada, West and South Africa to avail of AIR’s services on Internet. NATIONAL CHANNEL The National Channel was inaugurated on the 18 May 1988 and is located at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, New Delhi. Presently, it works as a night service covering over 76 per cent of the population of the country and provides a judicious blend of information and entertainment. Having the whole of Ind ia as its zone, it draws the best available talent in the country. The programme complexion of the Channel has been designed to make it epresentative of the cultural mosaic and ethos of the nation as a whole. Programmes entitled Ek Kahani – dramatization of selected best short stories from regional languages and Basti Basti – Nagar Nagar to familiarise the people of other states with various tourist spots all over the country are being broadcast. Hourly news-bulletins, alternatively in Hindi and English, are broadcast from the National Channel throughout the night. Whenever the Parliament is in session, National Channel broadcasts recordings of the question hour for the benefit of the listeners. Sahargahi, a special early morning programme is broadcast from the National Channel in the holy month of Ramzan. CENTRAL MONITORING SERVICE The Central Monitoring Service (CMS) monitors news and news-based programmes of foreign radio and television networks. It also feeds the Newsrooms of AIR and Doordarshan with news flashes. During the year, the CMS on an average monitored about 100 broadcasts and 38 telecasts from 15 radio and three television networks every day in eight languages including one foreign language. The organisation brought out a report everyday containing all the material monitored on that day. Besides, the CMS brought out two weekly reports, a weekly analytical report giving an analysis of the important news of the week and a weekly special report on Kashmir ased on the anti-India propaganda of Pakistan’s radio and television networks on the Kashmir issue. The CMS has two field units—one at Jammu and the other in Calcutta. TRANSCRIPTION AND PROGRAMME EXCHANGE SERVICE Transcription and Programme Exchange Service (TPES) consists of Sound Archives, Transcription Uni t, Programme Exchange Unit, Foreign ProgrammeMass Communication Unit and Satellite Transmission Unit. The AIR archives store about 47,000 tapes of various formats which inlcude vocal and instrumental music of both Hindustani and Karnatic styles; light, folk, tribal and patriotic music of different regions and also orchestral compositions. Besides, the Archives has he voice recordings of distinguished personalities like Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindra Nath Tagore, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Subhas Chandra Bose, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr B. R. Ambedkar, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Sarojini Naidu, Aruna Asaf Ali and many others. Apart from this, the speeches delivered by all the Presidents and the Prime Ministers are also preserved in the Archives. Recordings from the Archives are now being transferred to compact discs which will replace the tapes now being used. So far, 235 CDs of spoken word and music have been prepared. This year the Archives has helped prepare a CD/Cassette consisting of vo ice recordings of Rabindranath Tagore and a ocumentary on Rabindranath Tagore produced by Satyajit Ray. This along with a monograph on Tagore which has been jointly produced by AIR and Vishwa Bharati, has been released by the Prime Minister in Calcutta on 20 May 1999. Project on Data Entry updating tapes of PMs and Presidents has been completed and work on Hindustani and Karnatic music is in progress. It has added to its collection 125 tapes which include, among others, the radio autobiography of Shiv Mangal Singh ‘Suman’ and Milkha Singh. The Programme Exchange Unit (PEU) exchanges good quality programmes among the AIR stations as per their requirements in its library. Approximately 8,000 tapes containing the recordings of music and spoken ord programmes are preserved, among them are the Ramcharit Manas Gaan and award winning programmes of Akashvani Annual Awards and the language lessons in Bengali, English, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Sanskrit, Tamil and Telugu. A bi-monthly bulletin Vinimaya is published from TPES giving details of available foreign programmes, Karnatic and Hindustani music (vocal and instrumental) and other forms of musical programmes, viz. , orchestral compositions, stage songs, folk and tribal music, etc. , and spokenword programmes, i. e. , features, plays, talks, opera and interviews, etc. , for circulation among the AIR stations. It also gives daily information regarding ur satellite transmission to meet the requirements of the stations. Transcription unit procures from AIR stations and News Services Division, all the speeches delivered by the President and the Prime Minister in different parts of the country and abroad. The unit received 117 such speeches delivered from January to November 1998. Central Tape Bank (CTB) looks after the needs of AIR stations for exchanging good programmes among the stations. CTB has 76,000 number of tapes circulated among 194 AIR stations. The Foreign Programme Unit procu res the best of the programme material from different countries for All India Radio. During 1998 the foreign nit of TPES received 438 programmes from SAARC Secretariat, France,Mass Communication Germany, Bulgaria, World Radio, Beijing, Sweden, Australia, United Nations. These programmes are screened and circulated to stations in Audio magnetic tapes and through INSAT 2C and INSAT 2C 3. TPES has a satellite transmission on RN Channels of INSAT-1D and RN Channels of INSAT-2A. A total of 500 programmes transmitted through these channels were recorded by different AIR stations for future use. FARM AND HOME PROGRAMMES Farm and Home units function at various stations of AIR. The average duration of farm and home broadcasts is 60-100 minutes per day from each station. The broadcasts also include programmes for rural women and rural children. Broadcast of mother and child care series in collaboration with UNICEF and State governments has been undertaken by many AIR stations. The main thrust has been on issues relating to rights of the child, gender bias and child abuse, etc. Environmental Protection programmes receive adequate emphasis in these broadcast to retain ecological balance. â€Å"Farm school on air† as a method of communicating distant education on farming has been adopted by many AIR stations. Besides imparting technical and other information, the thrust of the broadcasts are : (i) dissemination of information relating to ways and means for increasing roduction of cereals, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, fruits, etc. ; (ii) diversification of agriculture, social forestry, preservation of environment and farm forestry; (iii) poverty alleviation schemes, health and sanitation, etc. ; (iv) adult education programmes and (v) role of pan chayats in rural development. The programmes also lay emphasis on the various economic measures taken by the Government, aimed at rural development. FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMMES AIR Stations broadcast more than 10,000 programmes on Family Welfare every month in all the major languages/dialects of our country. Programmes on AIDS, TB, Dengue, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, water borne diseases, alaria eradication programme, child survival and safe motherhood programme, sterilization, vasectomy, tubectomy, etc. , are broadcast under the title of family welfare programmes. Success stories are also broadcast regularly. SPORTS During 1998-99, AIR provided extensive coverage to the National and International Sporting events held in India and abroad. Major international events covered were the World Cup Hockey Tournament at Utrecht, Asian Games at Bangkok, Commonwealth Games at Kuala Lumpur, World Cup Cricket Tournament in the UK and the Wimbledon Tennis Championship in London. AIR also encour ages traditional games like Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, etc. , hrough broadcast or running commentary in order to popularise them among the youth of the country and to foster sports talents in the domain of traditional sports and games. Mass Communication AKASHVANI ANNUAL AWARDS All India Radio presents Akashvani Annual Awards to outstanding broadcasts for every calendar year in different disciplines and subjects. Special prizes, Lassa Kaul Awards on National Integration and ‘Correspondent of the Year’ for excellence in News Reporting are also awarded. There is also an award for a special topic documentary. This year’s subject is ‘Senior Citizen’. An award at national level is given to the Best Choral Singing Group (Senior nd Junior Groups) for a competition held for children at various regional centres. An award for â€Å"Audience Research/Survey Reports† has also been introduced from 1995. AIR also awards the Best Commercial Broadcasting Service Centr e and awards for Technical Excellence. DOORDARSHAN Doordarshan, the national televison service of India devoted to public service broadcasting is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. The flagship of Doordarshan—DD-1—operates through a network of 984 terrestrial transmitters of varying powers reaching over 87 per cent of the population. There are 57 additional transmitters giving terrestrial support to other channels. Doordarshan uses a large number of transponders on he Indian National Satellites (INSAT) and other satellites to network its terrestrial transmitters and also to extend coverage. The signals of Doordarshan’s International service could be received in most part of the globe. Doordarshan has established programme production facilities in 46 cities across the country. Doordarshan programmes are watched in India by 360 million viewers in their homes. Doordarshan earned around Rs 4 billion during the financial year 1998-99 through commer cial advertisements. THE EARLY YEARS The first telecast originated from a makeshift studio in the Akashvani Bhavan, New Delhi on 15 September 1959. A transmitter of 500 W power arried the signals within a radius of 25 km from Delhi. The regular service with a News bulletin was started in 1965. Television went to a second city, Mumbai, only in 1972, and by 1975 Calcutta, Chennai, Srinagar, Amritsar and Lucknow also had television stations. SITE The first experiment with satellite technology in India, known as the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE), was conducted in 1975-76. This was, incidentally, the first attempt anywhere in the world of using the sophisticated technology of satellite broadcasting for social education. The year 1982 witnessed the introduction of a regular satellite link between Delhi nd other transmitters, the starting of national programme and the era of colour television in the country. The Asian Games held in Delhi that year acted as the major impetus for bringing out these changes within a short period. After 1992, television facilities have been rapidly expanding and during certain periods the country got an additional transmitter every day. In theMass Communication decade 1981-90, the number of transmitters increased from 19 to 519. THREE-TIER SERVICE Doordarshan has a three-tier primary programme service—national, regional and local. In the national programmes the focus is on the events and issues of interest to the whole nation. These programmes include news, current ffairs, science, cultural magazines, documentaries, serials, music, dance, drama and feature films. The regional programmes originating from the State capitals and relayed by all transmitters in the respective State telecast programmes of interest at the State level, in the language and idiom of that particular region. The local programmes are area-specific and cover local issues featuring local people. INFORMATION PROGRAMMES On the National Netwo rk news bulletins are telecast in Hindi and English at regular intervals. All the major Kendras telecast news bulletins in the evenings in their respective languages where the regional events are covered in greater detail. Some Kendras telecast regional news in Urdu also. Doordarshan has a number of programmes on current affairs where topical issues are discussed in-depth, bringing out the various viewpoints. Information programmes also include telecast on agriculture, rural development, health, family welfare, consumer’s rights, environment, etc. There are programmes specially targeted for women, children and youth. Doordarshan brings to its viewers all the major national and international sports and games through live telecast. There are other programmes on sports, including interviews with eminent sports persons, sports education, etc. Doordarshan also has an exclusive sports channel. EDUCATIONAL TV The educational programmes are at different levels ranging from basic health education for the not-so-well-educated to the higher education programmes for university students. In 1961 India’s first school television service was commissioned at Delhi for the institutions run by the Delhi Municipal Corporation. ETV programmes for school children are telecast from a number of regional Kendras in different languages covering both formal and informal education. The software for these programmes are produced by the Central Institute for Education Technology in Delhi and State Institutes of Education Technology of different Centres. To put quality education within the reach of students residing even n small villages and towns, the University Grants Commission, has a countrywide classroom telecast on the national network. Besides this, syllabus-based programmes for the students of Indira Gandhi National Open University are also being telecast on the national network. ENTERTAINMENT The entertainment programmes include music, dance, plays and serials. Mass Communication Feature films and programmes based on excerpts from feature films are also telecast on the national network and from the regional kendras. METRO CHANNEL In 1984 a second channel was added in Delhi to provide an alternative viewing to the heterogeneous metropolitan population. Later, similar acilities were provided to viewers in Mumbai, Calcutta and Chennai. In 1993 these four terrestrial transmitters were linked through satellite to provide an exclusive entertainment channel for the urban audience. This service, known as DD-2 Metro Entertainment Channel, is now available terrestrially in 54 cities. In other parts of the country the programmes of this channel could be received through dish antennas or through cable operators. The metro channel targets the younger viewers in urban areas. REGIONAL LANGUAGE CHANNELS To provide additional software in the major languages of the country, some of which are spoken by more than 50 million people, Doordarshan has 11 regional language satellite channels. The programmes on these channels include the regional service, which is available terrestrially in the concerned state and additional programmes which could be received in the satellite mode. These programmes are carried on the INSAT satellite which has footprint over the entire country and the regional language programmes could be watched by people irrespective of their place of residence. INTERNATIONAL CHANNEL Doordarshan-India, the international channel, is in operation from 1995 and reaches about 50 countries in Asia, Africa and Europe through PAS-1 and USA and Canada through PAS-4 and PAS-1 satellite. It is presently on the air for 19 hours each day. AUDIENCE RESEARCH The Audience Research Unit of Doordarshan, manned by professional researchers, is involved in studies on the various aspects of broadcasting. It also operates a system of getting ratings on Doordarshan programmes each week. Audience Research is also monitoring the voluntary feedback from viewers and maintains Data Banks at the national and kendra level. VIEWERSHIP Over the years Doordarshan’s viewership has increased phenomenally and now an estimated 69 million homes have televisioin sets which mean that 362 million people can watch Doordarshan programmes in their homes. Community TV sets have been established under various schemes operated by Central and State governments. In rural areas most of the privately-owned sets also act as community sets, attracting a number of viewers from nonTV homes and the total number who watch Doordarshan at least once in a week exceeds 500 million. In the last four years programmes of commercial channels operating from outside India are available for some sections of the population, but Doordarshan has retained more than 70 per cent of the totalMass Communication viewership in urban areas and more than 90 per cent of the viewership in the rural areas in most of the States. PRASAR BHARATI All India Radio and Doordarshan functioned as departments under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. There were persistent demands that the electronic media should be free from Government control and they should have autonomy in their functioning. The Parliament had passed an Act to give autonomy to the media in 1990 itself, but at that time the Act was not notified. In 1997 the Government decided to notify this Act and Prasar Bharati, the autonomous Broadcasting Corporation of India, came into existence on 23 November 1997. A Board consisting of a chairman, an executive member and a number of part-time, full-time, ex-officio and elected members is to manage the affairs of Prasar Bharati. There is also to be a representative of the Government of India on the Board. PRESS AND PRINT MEDIA REGISTRAR OF NEWSPAPERS FOR INDIA Registrar of Newspapers for India (RNI), commonly known as Press Registrar came into being on 1 July 1956. Besides, the statutory functions, the Registrar recommends import of printing machinery and allied materials for newspapers. The duties and functions of the Press Registrar are defined in the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867 and rules made thereunder as amended from time to time. As on 31 December 1998, the total number of newspapers and periodicals was 43,828 as compared to 41,705 in 1997. There were 4,890 dailies, 331 tri/bi-weeklies,15,645 weeklies, 12,065 monthlies, 5,913 fortnightlies, ,127 quarterlies, 383 annuals and 1,474 publications with periodicities like bi-monthlies, half-yearlies, etc. Newspapers were published in as many as 100 languages and dialects during 1998. Apart from English and 18 principal languages enumerated in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution, newspapers were published in 81 other languages, mostly Indian languages or dialects and a few foreign languages. The highest number of newspapers were published in the Hindi language. Daily newspapers were brought out in 18 principal languages and Kashmiri was the only principal language that did not have a daily newspaper. Newspapers were published from all States and Union Territories. Uttar Pradesh with 7,895 newspapers retained the prestigious position of publishing the largest number of newspapers in India. In the case of dailies also, Uttar Pradesh held the top position with 805 dailies. Bombay Samachar a Gujarati daily published from Mumbai is the oldest existing newspaper. In 1998, the total circulation of Indian Press was 12,68,49,500 copies. The Anand Bazar Patrika, Bengali daily from Calcutta with a circulation of 5,86,637 copies was the largest circulated single edition newspaper. The Times of India, an English daily from Mumbai which had a circulation of 5,66,378 copies stood second. Hindustan Times, English Daily from Delhi with aMass Communication irculation of 5,55,911 copies occupied third position. The Times of India having six editions in English with a circulation of 13,90,827 copies occupied first position among multi-edition dailies during 1998. The Malayala Manorama published with eight editions in Malayalam with a total combined circulation of 11,23 ,745 copies stood second. Gujarat Samachar with five editions in Gujarati occupied third position with a total circulation of 8,59,015 copies. Among periodicals, Malayala Manorama, a Malayalam weekly published from Kottayam was the largest circulated periodical with 11,58,108 copies. Saras Salil, Hindi Fortnightly from Delhi with a circulation of 9,32,753 copies ccupied the second position. TABLE 11. 1 : NUMBER OF NEWSPAPERS IN 1998 (LANGUAGE AND PERIODICITY-WISE) Languages Dailies Tri/Bi- Weeklies Fort- Monthlies Quarterlies Bi-monthlies Annuals Total weeklies nightlies Halfyearlies English 353 29 835 635 2,606 1,172 734 153 6,517 Hindi 2,202 125 9,062 2,741 2,960 544 173 29 17,836 Assamese 14 3 73 38 57 12 10 1 208 Bengali 96 14 580 463 661 441 156 14 2,425 Gujarati 106 8 565 161 455 57 43 13 1,408 Kannada 290 6 337 217 542 43 17 3 1,455 Kashmiri 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Konkani 1 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 6 Malayalam 208 5 167 152 712 54 23 8 1,329 Manipuri 12 0 6 5 9 6 3 0 41 Marathi 302 20 870 16 1 451 100 39 103 2,046 Nepali 3 2 14 6 8 16 5 0 54 Oriya 68 2 132 81 260 85 23 4 655 Punjabi 106 15 332 83 231 31 18 1 817 Sanskrit 3 0 8 4 16 13 6 0 50 Sindhi 10 0 35 11 35 8 2 0 101 Tamil 344 43 391 220 717 27 20 7 1,769 Telugu 129 3 236 178 453 24 10 2 1,035 Urdu 509 20 1,290 356 496 56 15 3 2,745 Bilingual 65 19 534 311 1,082 327 135 31 2,504 Multilingual 15 4 92 60 197 64 31 11 474 Others 54 13 82 29 116 47 11 0 352 Total 4,890 331 15,645 5,913 12,065 3,127 1,474 383 43,828 PRESS INFORMATION BUREAU The Press Information Bureau (PIB) is the nodal agency of the GovernmentMass Communication to disseminate information to the print and electronic media on government olicies, programmes, initiatives and achievements. Functioning as an interface between the Government and the media, the PIB also provides feedback to the Government with people’s reaction as reflected in the media. With its eight Regional Offices and 32 Branch Offices and Information Centres, the PIB disseminates information through dif ferent modes of communications, such as press releases, press notes, feature articles, backgrounders, press briefings, interviews, press conferences and press tours, etc. The information material released in Hindi, Urdu and 13 other regional languages reaches to over 7,000 newspapers and media organisations. The Bureau at headquarters has a team of officers who are exclusively attached to various ministries and departments for the purpose of assisting them in disseminating information to the media. They also provide feedback to their respective ministries and departments. As part of the Special Services, the Feedback Cell in the PIB prepares a daily digest and special digests based on news stories and editorials from national as well as regional dailies and periodicals. The Feature Unit of the Special Services of the Bureau provides backgrounders, updates, features and graphics. These are circulated in the national network and also sent to the Regional and Branch Offices or translation and circulation to the local Press. PIB arranges photo coverage of Government activities and the photographs are supplied to dailies and periodicals published in English and other Indian languages all over the country. During 1998-99, 2,78,485 photographs were supplied to the newspapers and periodicals. Th e PIB is linked with 30 of its Regional and Branch Offices over computer network to facilitate speedy feeding of information. The Bureau has a Home Page on Internet which makes available publicity material such as press releases, features, photos and graphic for international consumption. The PIB internet home page is accessible at website www. nic. in/IndiaImage/PIB. The press releases from the Bureau are also faxed through computers to local newspapers as well as all resident correspondents of the important outstation newspapers. PIB has started photo transmission by computer to its offices. PIB is connected to its 22 regional-centres by video conferencing system. This enables media persons at regional centers to participate in press conferences in New Delhi and also in other parts of the country. PIB provides accreditation facility to media persons so as to make easy access to information from the government sources. 1,006 correspondents and 226 cameramen are accredited with the Bureau’s headquarters. Besides, bout 133 technicians and 56 editors/media critics have also been granted these professional facilities. The Bureau’s eight Regional Offices are located at Mumbai, Chennai, Chandigarh, Calcutta, Lucknow, Guwahati, Bhopal and Hyderabad. All the Regional Offices, Branch Offices and information centres are linked with PIB headqu arters by teleprinter also. A National Press Centre set up in the Press Information Bureau, New Delhi serves as a nerve centre for both nationalMass Communication and international Press. The Centre has all the facilities of international standards like a telecommunication centre, a press conference hall and a cafeteria. NEWS AGENCIES PRESS TRUST OF INDIA India’s largest news agency, Press Trust of India is a non-profit sharing cooperative owned by the country’s newspapers with a mandate to provide efficient and unbiased news to all its subscribers. Founded on 27 August 1947, PTI began functioning from 1 February 1949. PTI offers its news services in the English and Hindi languages. Bhasha is the Hindi language news service of the agency. PTI subscribers include 450 newspapers in India and scores abroad. All major TV/Radio channels in India and several abroad, including BBC in London, receive PTI service. The news services are provided at speeds up to 1,200 bits per second (about 1,400 words per minute) by satellite, data channels and ticker lines. PTI is now on the Internet too and its website address is: http:/ www. ptinews. com. With a staff of over 1,500 including 400 journalists, PTI has over 100 bureaux across the country and foreign correspondents in major cities of the world including Beijing, Bonn, Cairo, Dhaka, Islamabad, London, Moscow, New York and Washington. In addition, about 300 stringers contribute to the news file at home while 20 part-time correspondents bring news from the rest of the world. Besides the English and Hindi language news services, the other services of the agency include the on-line Photo Service, mailer packages of Feature, Mag, Graphics, Science Service, Economic Service and Data India, nd screen-based services as News-scan and Stockscan. PTI has a television wing, PTI -TV, whi ch provide s spot cove rage and make s corporat e documentaries on assignment basis. PTI has arrangements with Reuters and AFP for distribution of their news in India and with the Associated Press for its photo service and international commercial information. PTI is a partner in Asia Pulse International, a Singapore-registered company, formed by PTI and five other Asian media organisations to provide an on-line data bank on economic developments and business opportunities in Asian countries. PTI is also a participant in Asianet, a cooperative arrangement among 12 news agencies f the Asia-Pacific region for distribution of the corporate and government press releases. PTI is a leading partner in the Pool of News Agencies of the NonAligned Countries and the Organisation of Asia-Pacific News Agencies. The agency contributes its news to these two news exchange arrangements and in turn receives news from the other participating members for its use. PTI has just completed 50 years of its operations. The DepartmentMass Communication of Posts brought out a special 15-rupee multi-colour, multi-lingual stamp on PTI to mark its golden jubilee. President K. R. Narayanan released the stamp on 5 March 1999. An other highlight of the celebrations was a 2- ay international seminar on media issues in New Delhi on 12 and 13 March 1999 which was inaugurated by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and attended by a galaxy of media personalities both from India and abroad. UNITED NEWS OF INDIA United News of India (UNI) was registered as a company in 1959 and began its news operations from 21 March 1961. UNI is now one of the largest news agencies in Asia with over 100 bureaux in India and abroad. It has more than 1,000 subscribers in the country and over 30 abroad. Its news service is provided to subscribers in four Gulf countries as well as Mauritius and Bhutan. It has reporters in 400 big and small towns in India. Its orrespondents are located in a number of world capitals also. UNI also has collaboration with a number of foreign news agencies. It has more than 300 journalists working full time and about 400 as stringers. UNI launched a full-fledged Indian language news service Univarta, in Hi ndi in May 1982. A decade later, it launched Urdu Service on teleprinter for the first time in the world. Other teleprinter services of the news agency include UNIFIN, a specialised service for banking, financial and commercial organisations as well as UNISTOCK, a service for stock exchanges and stock brokers. In July 1986, UNI started its television wing which provides news eatures, newsclips and documentaries for Doordarshan and other organisations. Another specialised service run by the news agency is UNISCAN, a news service fed into television sets. A national photo service, started in 1987, is another pioneering venture. UNI also supplies computerdesigned graphics in ready-to-use-form on economic and other topical subjects on a regular basis. NON-ALIGNED NEWS AGENCIES POOL The Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool (NANAP) is an arrangement for exchange of news among the news agencies of non-aligned countries who for long have been victims of imbalances and bias in the flow of news. Th e Pool came into existence in 1976 with India as its first Chairman (1976-79). The Pool is a worldwide operation embracing four continents, viz. , Asia, Europe, Africa and Latin America. The Pool news is exchanged in four languages—English, French, Spanish and Arabic. Pool activities are coordinated by an elected body known as the Coordinating Committee with a Chairman as its head. The Chairmanship, is co-terminus with the tenure of the Coordinating Committee and goes by rotation. The Chairman and members of the Coordinating Committee are elected on the basis of regional representation, continuity, active participation and rotation. The Coordinating Committee meets once a year and the meetings are open to all member agencies. Mass Communication Advt. Mass Communication Six General Conferences and 17 meetings of the Coordinating Committee have taken place since the inception of the Pool. The last General Conference of the Pool was held in Tehran in June 1992, when the Iranian news agency IRNA assumed the Chairmanship of the Pool from ANGOP of Angola. The countries elected to the Coordinating Committee in Tehran were India, Indonesia, Vietnam, DPR Korea, Kuwait, Syria, Mongolia, Bahrain, Afghanistan, Lebanon and Oman from Asia; Angola, Algeria, Burkina Faso, Congo, Ethiopia, Egypt, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia and Zambia from Africa; Yugoslavia from Europe; and Bolivia, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Surinam and Venezuela from Latin America. At the Tunis General Conference of the Pool in November 1982 a resolution was adopted to form a Monitoring Group, for closer review and monitoring of the Pool operations. The Monitoring Group was last reconstituted in Tehran in 1992 when Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Libya, Zimbabwe, Mexico, Peru, Cuba and Yugoslavia were elected to it. India has played a vital role in the creation and expansion of the Pool. India News Pool Desk is operated by Press Trust of India. The agency receives news copy from Pool Partners and in turn contributes Indian news nto the exchange arrangement on a daily basis. The incoming news traffic from Pool member agencies into PTI is in the range of about 15,000 words per day. PTI’s contribution into the network is about 7,000 words per day. The news is exchanged through a network of statellite/terrestrial/E-mail communication links with Antara (Indonesia) , Bernama (Malaysia), Lankapuvath (Sri Lanka), GNA (Bahrain), VNA (Vietnam), Prensa Latina (Cuba), Tanjug (Yugoslavia), BSS (Bangladesh), RSS (Nepal), MENA (Egypt) and NAMPA (Namibia). Leading national dailies of the country publish between 20 to 30 Pool items a month. As part of the News Pool operation, the Indian Institute of Mass Communication, New Delhi, which is recognised as a premier institute for training in journalism in the Non-Aligned countries, has been offering a regular course in News Agency Journalism. The five-month twice a year course is popular with journalists belonging to the member agencies of the Pool. PRESS COUNCIL OF INDIA The Press Council of India has been established under an Act of Parliament for the purpose of preserving the freedom of the press and of maintaining and improving the standards of newspapers and news agencies in India. The Chairman of the Council is by convention, a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India. The Council has 28 members – 20 from the newspaper world, ive are Members of Parliament (three nominated by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and two by the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha) and remaining three are nominated by the Sahitya Academy, the Bar Council of India and the University Grants Commission. The Council is reconstituted every three years. The Counc il has its own source or revenue in that it collects levy from the registered newspapers and news agencies. It also receives grantin-aid from the Central Government for performing its functions. Mass Communication As an autonomous quasi-judicial body, the aim of the Press Council is to administer ethics and to inculcate principles of self-regulation among the Press. It also keeps under review any development likely to interfere with the freedom of the Press. The Council discharges its functions primarily through adjudications on complaint cases received by it, either against the Press for violation of journalistic ethics or by the Press for interference with its freedom, where the Council is satisfied during the inquiry that a newspaper or a news agency has offended against the standards of journalistic ethics or public taste or that an editor or working journalist has committed any professional misconduct, the Council may warn, admonish or censure them or disapprove of their conduct. The Council is also mpowered to make such observations as it may think fit in respect of the conduct of any authority, including Government, for interfering with the freedom of the press. The decisions of the Council are final and cannot be questioned in any court of law. During 1998-99, the Press Council of India received 1,213 complaints of which 361 were filed b y the Press and 852 were against the Press. The Council adjudicated 342 cases. 575 cases were dismissed by the Council for lack of sufficient grounds for inquiry. The Council disposed of 917 matters during 1998-99. The Council has also suo moto initiated studies on various matters that had bearing on the freedom of the Press and its standards. During 998-99 the Council prepared a report on â€Å"Right to Privacy of Public Figures and the Press† and formulated guidelines to achieve a balance between the right to privacy of public persons and right of the Press to have access to information of public interest and importance. The Council also prepared a report on Press Coverage of the 12th General Elections on 2 June 1998 which gave an overview as to how the Press covered election news. In its advisory capacity, the Council considered and rendered its opinion to various authorities and organisations in matters relating to Press freedom. The Press Council of India is an active me mber of the World Association of Press Council (WAPC), an umbrella organisation of Press Councils and similar bodies committed to championing the cause of free speech and freedom of responsible Press on international level. The Council organised the 5th International Conference of World Association of Press Councils on 4-5 April 1998 in New Delhi to mark the 50th year of Independence. Approximately 40 representatives of International Media/ Press Organisations of 19 countries attended the Conference apart from 200 distinguished Indian participants. The National Press Day (16 November) celebrations this year were dedicated to the memory of late Nikhil Chakravartty, a renowned journalist ho was also a member of the Council. On 16-17 November 1998 the Council organised a two-day Nikhil Chakravartty Memorial Seminar. The Seminar was also attended by prominent-media representatives from the SAARC countries. The National Press Day celebrations were organised atMass Communication the state/district level by authorities, press organisations and associations throughout the country. RESEARCH REFERENCE AND TRAINING DIVISION The Research, Reference and Training Division (RRTD) functions as an information servicing agenc How to cite Media Helping in Nation Building, Papers